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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly the exact same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For example: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the earliest methods of weed control as well as being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are very harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It's an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. Continued However, effective control by pesticides is not simple; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside see page surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism which manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
